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Summary Record of discussions of the meeting held on 27th July, 2012 relating to Modified Assured Career Progression Scheme (MACPS)

In the meeting of the National Anomaly Committee, held on 17/07/2012, it was decided that Joint Secretary (E), DOPT will hold a separate meeting with the Leaders of Staff Side to discuss the issues relating to MACP Scheme which formed Agenda Item No 42 of the National Anomaly Committee. Accordingly a meeting was held on 27/07/2012 in Room No. 190 at North Block, New Delhi. The list of participants of this meeting is at Annexure IV.

Joint Secretary (E) DoPT welcomed the participants and stated that the Joint Committee which was set up by the National Anomaly Committee to discuss the issues relating to Modified Assured Career Progression Scheme (MACPS) met thrice and based on the discussions in those meetings a Report of the Committee was prepared and was placed before the National Anomaly Committee in its meeting held on 5th January, 2012. However due to shortage of time this item could not be discussed fully. In the meeting of the National Anomaly Committee held on 17th July,  2012, the Chairman had desired that since the issues involved in MACP Scheme are complex, another round of consultation through a meeting with the Staff Side under Joint Secretary (E) DoPT may be held soon. This meeting was held in pursuance of that decision. Thereafter the report of the Joint Committee was taken up for discussion.

1. Grant of MACP in the promotional hierarchy:- 

The Staff Side stated that under ACP Scheme, financial upgradation was granted in promotional hierarchy and therefore it had become part of service condition of the employees. Under the MACPS, financial upgradations is permitted in Grade Pay hierarchy only, thereby adversely affecting the service conditions. Therefore, under MACPS also the financial upgradations should be granted in promotional hierarchy.

The Official Side stated that there was no such recommendation of the 6th CPC and in fact the Commission in its report, while discussing this issue, had mentioned that although the ACPS had, by and large, alleviated the problem of stagnation and also allowed higher rate of increments in the higher scale extended under it, it had, however, given rise to other problems. The financial upgradations in that scheme followed the then existing promotional hierarchy which gave rise to uneven benefit to employees falling in the same pay scale since several Organisations adopted different hierarchical pattern. Consequently, employees working in organizations having greater number of intermediate grades suffered because financial upgradation under ACPS placed them in a lower pay scale vis-a-vis similar]) placed employees in another organization that had lesser intermediary grades.

The 6th CPC therefore, recommended a systemic change in the existing scheme of ACPS whereby all employees, irrespective of the hierarchical structure as prevalent in their organization/cadre, would get the same benefit under it.

This was accepted by the Govt with further modification to grant three financial upgradations under the MACPS at intervals of 10, 20 and 30 years of continuous regular service in the immediate next higher grade pay in the hierarchy of the recommended revised pay bands and grade pay as given in Section 1, Part-A of the first schedule of the CCS (Revised Pay) Rules, 2008. In fact while accepting the recommendations of the 6th CPC on this issue there was no such demand by the Staff Side.

The Staff Side stated that the employees who were in service prior to 1.1.2006 had the right to retain first two financial upgradations in the promotional hierarchy and the Government cannot alter the existing service conditions adversely. The Official Side however stated that since MACPS is in supersession of earlier ACP scheme, this cannot be agreed to.

The Staff Side insisted that at least option be given to individual employees in this regard to facilitate him/her to opt for either ACP or MACP for availing benefit of financial upgradation. The Staff Side was insistent that either MACPS should be in promotional hierarchy or individual options should be given to the employees.

The Official Side stated that it was not possible to agree to individual options and if they have any alternate suggestions, the Staff Side could come back with them. 

2. Date of effect of MACP Scheme: 

The Staff Side stated that those employees who retired during the period between  1.1.2006  and 31.8.2008 could not get the benefit of MACPS and therefore the MACPS should be made effective from 1.1.2006. It was pointed out by the Official Side that during the  5th  CPC also the ACPS was made effective from a later date.

The Staff Side suggested that in respect of those who had retired/died prior to 1.9.2008, the MACP scheme could be made effective from 1.1.2006. It was pointed out that there is also the issue of some of the employees, who got the benefit of ACPS during this intervening period, may be adversely affected because of this demand.

Thus the staff Side was advised to reconsider their demand for giving effect to the MACP Scheme w.e.f. 01.01.2006.

3. Counting of 50% of service rendered by Temporary Status Casual Labour for reckoning 10/20/30 years under MACP Scheme:

It was reiterated by the Official Side that as per para 5 (v) of Appendix pertaining to Casual Labourers (Grant of Temporary Status and Regularization) Scheme, 50% of the service rendered under temporary status is to be counted only for the purpose of retirement benefits after their regularization. Since under MACPS only continuous regular service is taken into account for allowing 1st, 2nd and 3rd financial upgradations on completion of 10, 20 & 30 years of continuous regular service respectively, the demand of the Staff Side cannot be accepted for MACPS.

It was decided that this issue may be taken up by the Staff Side in National Council separately.

4. Treatment of employees selected under LDCE/GDCE Scheme: 

It was decided that treatment of such cases would be on the lines as was under the ACP Scheme and Ministry of Railways would examine the matter accordingly

5. Promotion in the identical Grade Pay: 

The Official Side stated that they will issue instructions for granting one increment for fixation of Pay in cases of promotion to the same Grade Pay if they were granted such a benefit post 5th CPC also. Such a dispensation would then apply while considering financial upgradation under MACPS.

6. Financial Upgradation under MACPs, in the case of staff who joined another unit/organisation on request:

The Staff Side pointed out that OM dated 01/11/2010 should be suitably amplified/amended covering the staff that was transferred on request on reversion to the Unit/Organisation so that the total service rendered in the previous Unit/Organisation, ignoring the past promotion, may be counted for MACPs.

The Official Side agreed to issue necessary clarificatory instructions in this regard. The Staff Side also pointed out that in certain offices the promotion in the original Unit/Organisation from which an employee got reverted/transferred to the lower post, was also being counted against MACPS which is not warranted.

The Official Side agreed to look into this issue. 

7. Extension of benefit of MACPS to an employee appointed in Grade where direct recruitment element is there while ignoring service and promotion rendered prior to his appointment in that post: 

The Official Side reiterated that suitable clarifications bearing No.5 in OM dated 09/09/2012 have already been issued and matter stands resolved.

8. Stepping up of Pay of Senior incumbents at par with Junior incumbents as a consequence of ACP/MACPs 

It was stated by the Official Side that stepping up of pay in the pay band or grade pay with regard to junior getting more pay than the senior on account of pay fixation under the MACP Scheme can be considered as a special dispensation and suitable clarificatory instructions will be considered to deal with such situations.

The Staff Side also raised the issue of injustice being meted out particularly in the Accounts Department of Indian Railways wherein the incumbents who cleared the Appendix examination are drawing less pay as compared to those who could not qualify the said examination and got the benefit of MACPs. The Staff Side stated that this led to de-motivation among qualified staff and urged for rectifying such an anomaly.

It was agreed to examine this separately and Ministry of Railways was advised to send the proposal in question. 

9. Benchmark for MACP 

It was decided that suitable instructions will be issued to specifically clarify that wherever promotions are given on non-selection basis (ie seniority cum fitness), the prescribed benchmark, as mentioned in para 17 of Annexure I of MACPS dated 19.5.2009, will not be applicable and the benchmark for promotion will apply for the purpose of MACPS.

10. Grant of ACP benefit to Artisan Staff of Ministry of Defence:

The Staff Side insisted that based on Fast Track Committee recommendations, the then existing Highly Skilled grade (in the Pre revised pay scale of Rs 4000-6000) was split equally in the ratio of 50:50 and redesignated as Highly Skilled Grade II (GP 2400) and Highly Skilled Grade I (GP 2800) with effect from 1.1.2006.

The Staff Side stated that such placement of employees in Highly Skilled Grade I (GP 2800) with effect from 1.1.2006 to 14.6.2010 cannot be treated as promotion for the purpose of grant of financial upgradation under MACP Scheme.
The Official Side stated that on the issue of Artisan Staff of the Ministry of Defence, the matter has already been examined on file and Ministry of Defence has been advised accordingly.

The Staff Side insisted that this should be reconsidered so that placements in higher Grade may not be taken as promotion for the purpose of grant of financial upgradation under MACP.The Official Side stated that this has repercussions on the employees working in Railways and therefore it is not amenable to acceptance.

(11).  The rest of the items of the Report of the Joint Committee, as indicated below, were closed as appropriate action had been taken with respect to the issues raised therein.

(1) Applicability of MACPS to Group D employees who have been placed in the grade pay of Rs.1800/- in PB-i.

(2) Grant of financial up gradation under old ACP Scheme between 1.1.2006 and 31.8.2008

(3) Counting of services rendered prior to re-appointment for the purpose of MACP.

(4) Accounting of services rendered before Removal/Dismissal from service and subsequent reinstatement in service for the purpose of MACP Scheme

(5) Counting of service rendered in State Govt/PSUs etc.

(6) Regulation of Probation period under MACPS

(7) Application of MACPS to the Surplus Staff Re-deployed to lower posts in other Cadres/Organisations.

(8) Entitlement of the privileges after financial upgradation under MACP Scheme

(9) Extension of ACP/MACP Scheme to Staff Car Drivers /Civilian Motor Drivers/MT Drivers/Fire Engine Drivers etc.

(10) Pay Fixation on promotion subsequent to grant Of MACPs

(11) Notional Classification for CGE1S consequent upon MACPs.

(12) The Staff Side raised the following issues though they were not part of the MACP Joint Committee Report.

Employees who got one pro motion prior to 01/09/2008 and completed over two decades of service without benefit of promotion and are denied third ACP under MACPs: 

The Staff Side raised this issue and insisted that in such cases, third MACP should be straight away given to staff from the date subsequent to the date of completion of two decades of service after promotion. After discussions, the Official Side while appreciating the position stated that this is a peculiar situation and agreed to consider this issue on the basis of a reference to be made by the Ministry of Railways in this regard.

Modification of recruitment rules particularly in Railways and upgradation granted by abolition of Pay Scale-Implementation of MACPs 

Though this was not a part of the MACP Report, the Staff Side raised this issue in the meeting and explained that in the Railways, the lower pay scales were abolished and posts were upgraded to higher pay scales with revision of recruitment qualification and designation. In such cases the Staff Side insisted that entry Grade Pay as a result of upgradation consequent upon abolition of lower Pay Scales should be taken into consideration for reckoning 10/20/30 years of service for granting MACP.

The Official Side decided that the Railway Board may send an appropriate proposal to the DoP&T in consultation with the Staff Side. 

13.  The Official Side reiterated that MACP Scheme is a fall-back option and the Ministries have to conduct Cadre Restructuring in right earnest for ensuring that promotional avenues are available to the staff within a reasonable time frame. It was agreed that Ministry of Finance would issue instructions to all Ministries/Departments/Cadre authorities to undertake Cadre restructuring of Group B & Group C formations in a time bound manner.

The Staff Side pointed out that the Ministry of Railways is citing the instructions of Ministry of Finance issued some years back that only one third of the Cadre could be disturbed, for revising the percentages for the purpose of Cadre restructuring, the Official Side stated that this would be examined and if required, necessary clarificatory instructions will be issued to the Ministry of Railways so that the Cadre Restructuring could be carried out.

FIVE FOREIGN CONSULTANTS IN RACE FOR ‘POST BANK OF INDIA’ PROJECT

The Department of Posts has issued request for proposals (RFP) to five top notch foreign consultancy firms for the proposed Post Bank of India project.

The five short-listed firms are Accenture Services, Boston Consulting Group, Ernst & Young, KPMG Advisory Services and McKinsey & Co.

The Department of Posts (DoP) is looking to set up a bank — Post Bank of India (PBI) — to provide banking services with special focus on rural areas.

Besides providing a platform for financial inclusion, the Post Bank of India will provide means of additional revenue generation for the DoP.

The consultancy firms chosen, out of the five short-listed ones, will as part of the assignment focus on Detailed Project Report (DPR) on creation of PBI, financial viability of PBI, proposed organisational structure of PBI in the light of RBI regulations, and relationship between PBI and Post Office Savings Bank.

Source : http://www.thehindubusinessline.com

'DAKIYA' BACK IN 'KHAKI'

Once the ubiquitous postman, whose uniform was changed from 'khaki' to blue to give him a corporate look, has been longing to go back to his original dress code. In fact, after the switch from 'khaki' uniform with a matching 'Netaji' cap, postmen feel that they had lost their 'friendly' image and wish to regain the image a 'dakiya' (popular name in Hindi for postman) through the 'khaki.'

There are 3,129 postmen in Madhya Pradesh who would now don back the khaki with the new India Post red logo. The team includes 119 women who would be supplied with khaki sarees replacing the existing blue ones. For men, the reverted khaki uniform, however, would not have the old Netaji cap.

It was in 2004 when the Union government changed the uniform of postmen from khaki to sky-blue shirts and deep-blue trousers. For women, the sky-blue sarees has a dark-blue border. The department of post personnel had been long demanding reverting the dress code.

"The blue uniform had not only nudged us out of market, but even made us look strangers," said president of postal employees association Prahlad Jaiswal, who has been spear-heading the fight to win back the almost lost-craze for the postman. "A crucial meeting on 'khaki uniform' with senior officials of the Madhya Pradesh circle will be held on September 13 at Bhopal, and we have been asking the Union government to reconsider our demand of going back to khaki," he said.

"The change from khaki to blue aimed to give a corporate touch from the drab-sounding and dull-looking khaki. However, no one realized that the change in uniform will make the postmen invisible," said the secretary of the association, Raju Yadav.

"The khaki uniform had given us the look of a government employee and made us look something different from run of the mill. Look at the uniform of forest officials and policemen, they are still the same and make them stand out from the rest of security agencies and other uniforms worn by the government employees," said Yadav.

"The decision to return back to khaki has already been taken," said a senior official of the postal department preferring anonymity. "It is a matter of time when postmen would be distributed the khaki uniform," he said.

MODEL QUESTION PAPER FOR PA/SA

SA GENERAL ENGLISH MODEL QUESTION PAPER

1. I had just finished lunch when the phone …………
a)Rang
b)Had rung
c)Is ringing
d)Will ring
Ans. Rang

2. If my brother had not grabbed my arm I …………..
a)Might have slipped
b)May have slipped
c)Will have slipped
d)Shall have slipped
Ans. Might have slipped

3. We …………. a trip to Delhi last summer.

a)Have had
b)Had
c)Was
d)Were
Ans. Had

4. I ………….. home since last Christmas.
a)Haven’t gone
b)Hadn’t gone
c)Wouldn’t go
d)Shouldn’t go
Ans. Haven’t gone

5. We usually …………. Early and go for a walk.
a)Get up
b)Got up
c)Had got up
d)Getting up
Ans. Get up

6. Last Saturday we ………….. to visit our ancestral home.
a)Went
b)Will go
c)Have gone
d)Go
Ans. Went

7. Even though it was hard at first, I came ………….. the work in the factory.
a)To enjoy
b)Enjoyed
c)Enjoying
d)Enjoys
Ans. To enjoy

8. …………….. one of us should tell them the sad news?
a)Which
b)What
c)Who
d)Where
Ans. Which

9. The novel on …………… the film is based was written by an Indian.
a)Which
b)Whom
c)What
d)Who
Ans. Which

10. Agriculture has ………….. most prominent place in Indian economy.
a)A
b)An
c)The
d)No article
Ans. The

11. Compliment means ……………..
a)What completes
b)Good wishes
c)Complaint
d)Request
Ans. What completes

12. Ingenious means ……………
a)Foolish
b)Mismanaged
c)Clever
d)Cowardly
Ans. Clever

13. Diffident is the antonym of ……………..
a)Defeat
b)Clever
c)Confident
d)Disastrous
Ans. Confident

14. Exotic is the antonym of ……………….
a)Indigenous
b)Chaotic
c)Neurotic
d)Myopic
Ans. Indigenous

15. The synonym of avaricious is …………….
a)Greedy
b)Ready
c)Capricious
d)Audacious
Ans. Greedy

16. Which of the following words is spelt correctly ?
a)Embarrassment
b)Embarassment
c)Embarasment
d)Embarrasment
Ans. Embarrassment

17. We thought ………….. the matter.
a)In
b)About
c)Upon
d)On
Ans. About

18. The train is always ………….
a)Panctually
b)Panctuality
c)Panctual
d)Be punctual
Ans. Panctual

19. If you go to the doctor, he ………….. you some medicine.
a)Give
b)Would give
c)Will give
d)Would have given
Ans. Will give

20. The story of this book is based ………….. truth.
a)On
b)With
c)To
d)For
Ans. On

Courtesy : http://nfpemavelikaradivision.blogspot.in/

TO  Download   Please  click  --------   DOWNLOAD/VIEW  Q1 Which  is  the  biggest planet Jupiter

Q2    Who  found Pluto’s   moon   Jim Christy  from USA   in 1978

Q3   The minor planets  are called as ---------------- Asteroids

Q4    What is  the  full  form  of  INSAT  Indian National  Satellite

Q5  Name the  first  ever  robot spacecraft  to  probe  planet Venus  Magellan

Q6   When did the first liquid –fuel rocket fly  In 1926

Q7  Who  was the  first man  in space Yuri  Gagarin

Q8  Who  first  drove on the moon David  Scott and  James  Irwin   (They  drove  the battery  powered  buggy )

Q9  Who  first  set  foot  on  the  moon  Neil  Armstrong  in  1969

Q10 Which  was the  first  space  station The  first  manned  space  station was  Salyut  1  launched  in 1971

Q11   Which  was  the  first  satellite  in  space  Sputnik  1  was  the first  satellite  to orbit  the Earth

Q12   What  are  stars made  of  Stars are mostly  made of  two  gases   Hydrogen and  helium

Q13   who  made  the  first  telescope  Hans  Lippershey   made  the  first  telescope  in  1608

Q14  Who  said  the planets go  round the  Sun  ? Nicolaus  Copernicus

Q15  Who  made  the  first  radio  telescope Grote  Reber made  the  first  radio  telescope   in  1930

Q16  ------------  is  one  of the   basic  forces  in  the  universe  Gravity

Q17 ` When did Indian  space   research  begin 1961

Q18  What  is meant  by  ISRO  Indian  Space  Research  Organisation

Q19  Name   India’s  first  satellite  Aryabhatta

Q20  Neil  Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin launched in 1969  ib  which  part  of  the  moon   Sea  of  Tranquillity

Q21 Which  planet   is  known  as  the  red planet Mars

Q22 At what  speed  does  the  moon  circle  the earth? 3680 KM  per hour

Q23 Name the  planet  that  has  only  one  satellite  Earth

Q24  Which  planet  takes  almost  30  earth  years to  orbit  the  sun  Saturn

Q25  When  did  Luna -9  land  on  the  moon 1966

Q26   Name the  planet  which  has  the  largest  number  of  satellites  Jupiter

Collected and prepared by S Jayachandran , System Administrator , Mavelikara Postal Division ,690101 - 9961464279 Published by :  http://sapost.blogspot.in/

QUESTION	ANSWER
A PERSON WITH A LONG EXPERIENCE IN A PROFESSION	VETERAN
WORDS WRITTEN ON A TOMB	EPITAPH
SOMTHING NO LONGER IN USE	OBSOLETE
BEST SYNONYM OF "ZEALOT" IS	FANATIC
BEST SYNONYM OF "WORTHLESS"	CHEAP
BEST SYNONYM OF "WITHER" IS	DECAY
BEST SYNONYM OF "MAMMOTH" IS	HUGE
BEST SYNONYM OF "HOMILY" IS	SERMON
BEST SYNONYM OF "ROBUST" IS	STRONG
BEST ANTONYM OF "AUGMENT" IS	DECREASE
BEST ANTONYM OF "RIDICLE" IS	REASONABLE
BEST ANTONYM OF "SANCTITY" IS	UNHOLY
SCHOOL BOY WHO CUTS CLASSES FREQUENTLY	Truant
A PLACE WHERE BEES ARE KEPT	Apiary
ANIMALS THAT CAN LIVE BOTH ON LAND AND WATER	Amphibians

QUANTITATIVE APTITUDE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS

1. In a division sum, the divisor is 10 times the quotient and 5 times the remainder. If the remainder is 46, the dividend is:
(1) 4236 (2) 4306
(3) 4336 (4) 5336

2. If 1.5 x= 0.04 y, then the value of (y-x) (y+x) is:
(1) 730/77 (2) 73/77
(3) 7.3/77 (4) 703/77

3. An employee may claim Rs. 7.00 for each km when he travels by taxi and Rs. 6.00 for each km if he drives his own car. If in one week he claimed Rs. 595 for traveling km. How many kms did he travel by taxi?
(1) 55 (2) 65
(3) 62 (4) 70

4. The square root of 3 + 5 is :
(1) “3 /2 + 1/”2 (2) “3 /2 – 1/”2
(3) “5 /2 – 1/”2 (4) “(5/2) + “(1/2)

5. The mean temperature of Monday to Wednesday was 370C and of Tuesday to Thursday was 340C, if the temperature on Thursday was 4/5th that of Monday, then what was the temperature on Thursday?
(1) 36.50C (2) 360C
(3) 35.50C (4) 340C

6. A certain number of two digits is three times the sum of its digits. If 45 be added to it, the digits are reversed. The number is:
(1) 72 (2) 32
(3) 27 (4) 23

7. Three years ago the average age of A and B was 18 years. While C joining them now, the average becomes 22 years. How old (in years) is C now?
(1) 24 (2) 27
(3) 28 (4) 30

8. If 2^(2x-1) = 8^(3-x), then the value of x is:
(1) -1 (2) -2
(3) 2 (4) 3

9. A man’s basic pay for a 40 hours’ week is Rs. 200. Overtimes is paid at 25% above the basic rate. In a certain week, he worked overtime and his total was Rs. 300. He therefore, worked for a total of (in hours):
(1) 52 (2) 56
(3) 58 (4) 62

10. On a Rs. 10, 000 payment order, a person has choice between 3 successive discounts of 10%, 10% and 30% and 3 successive discounts of 40%, 5% and 5%. By choosing the better one he can save (in Rupees):
(1) 200 (2) 255
(3) 400 (4) 433

11. Rs. 600 are divided among A, B, C so that Rs. 40 more than 2/5 th of A’s share, Rs. 20 more that 2/7 th of B’s share and Rs. 10 more than 9/17 th of C’s may all be equal. What is A’s share (in Rupees)?
(1) 150 (2) 170
(3) 200 (4) 280

12. A, B, C started a business with their investment in the ratio 1 : 3 : 5. After 4 months, A invested the same amount as before and B as well as C withdrew half of their investments. The ratio of their profits at the end of the year was:
(1) 5 : 6 : 10 (2) 6 : 5 :10
(3) 10 : 5 : 6 (4) 4 : 3 : 5

13. If 9 men working 71/2 hours a day can finish a piece of work in 20 days, then how many days will be taken by 12 men, working 6 hours a day to finish the work? It is being given that 2 men of latter type work as much as 3 men of the former type?
(1) 91/2 (2) 11
(3) 121/2 (4) 13

14. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a cistern in 6 hours. After working at it together for 2 hours, C is closed and A and B can fill the remaining part in 7 hours. The number of hours taken by C alone to fill the cistern is:
(1) 12 (2) 14
(3) 16 (4) 18

15. A train B speeding with 120 kmph crosses another train C running in the same direction, in 2 minutes. If the lengths of the trains B and C be 100 m and 200 m respectively, what is the speed (in kmph) of the train C?
(1) 111 (2) 123
(3) 127 (4) 129

16. River is running at 2 kmph. It took a man twice as long to row up as to row down the river. The rate (in km/hr) of the man in still water is:
(1) 8 (2) 10
(3) 4 (4) 6

17. A merchant has 1000 kg of sugar, part of which he sells at 8% profit and the rest at 18% profit. He gains 14% on the whole. The quantity (in kg.) sold at 18% profit is:
(1) 560 (2) 600
(3) 400 (4) 640

18. A sum of money becomes Rs. 13, 380 after 3 years and Rs. 20, 070 after 6 years on compound interest. The sum (in Rupees) is:
(1) 8800 (2) 8890
(3) 8920 (4) 9040

19. A well with 14 m inside diameter is dug 10 m deep. Earth taken out of it, has been evenly spread all around it to a width of 21m to form an embankment. The height (in metres) of the embankment is:
(1) 1/2 (2) 2/3
(3) 3/4 (4) 3/5

20. A rectangular carpet has an area of 120 sq metres and a perimeter of 46 metres. The length of its diagonal (in metres) is:
(1) 11 (2) 13
(3) 15 (4) 17

ANSWERS
1. (4), 2. (2), 3. (1), 4. (4), 5. (2) 6. (3), 7. (1), 8. (3), 9. (2), 10. (2) 11. (1), 12. (1), 13. (3), 14. (2), 15. (1) 16. (4), 17. (2), 18. (3), 19. (2), 20. (4)